Importance of Biopsy in Medicine and its Complications

Arenas Lyons, Department of Pathology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Email: lyonsA@uhmc.com

Received: 31-Jul-2023, Manuscript No. EJMJIH-23-108613; Editor assigned: 02-Aug-2023, Pre QC No. EJMJIH-23-108613 (PQ); Reviewed: 16-Aug-2023, QC No. EJMJIH-23-108613; Revised: 24-Aug-2023, Manuscript No. EJMJIH-23-108613 (R); Published: 31-Aug-2023

Description

A biopsy is a medical procedure that involves the removal and examination of a small sample of tissue or cells from the body. It is a fundamental tool used by healthcare professionals to diagnose various diseases and conditions, assess the severity of illnesses, and determine the most appropriate treatment plans. Biopsies offer invaluable insights into the intricate workings of the human body, granting a glimpse into the microscopic realm of cellular structures and irregularities.

The primary goal of a biopsy is to obtain a representative sample of tissue or cells from a particular area of concern within the body. These samples are then carefully examined under a microscope by pathologists, specialists trained in the study of diseases, to identify any abnormalities, such as tumors, infections, inflammations, or precancerous changes.

Types of biopsies

There are several different types of biopsies, each chosen based on the location and nature of the suspected abnormality:

Needle biopsy: Involves using a thin needle to extract tissue or fluid from the body, often guided by imaging techniques like ultrasound or CT scans. Needle biopsies are less invasive and can be performed on organs like the breast, liver, and thyroid.

Excisional biopsy: This type of biopsy involves the surgical removal of an entire lump or suspicious area, often performed when the abnormality is relatively small and accessible.

Incisional biopsy: Only a portion of the suspicious area is removed for examination, typically done if the entire lump cannot be safely excised or if it is very large.

Endoscopic biopsy: An endoscope, a long, flexible tube with a camera, is used to access and obtain samples from internal organs through natural body openings (e.g., gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system).

Bone marrow biopsy: Involves the extraction of bone marrow from the hipbone or sternum to diagnose blood disorders, cancers, or other conditions affecting blood cell production.

The biopsy procedure

The procedure for performing a biopsy varies depending on the type and location of the suspected abnormality. Generally, a biopsy follows these steps:

Preparation: Before the biopsy, the patient’s medical history and relevant diagnostic imaging results are reviewed. The procedure and potential risks are explained, and consent is obtained.

Local anaesthesia: In most cases, local anaesthesia is administered to numb the area where the biopsy will be performed, reducing discomfort during the procedure.

Sample collection: Using the chosen biopsy technique, the healthcare professional carefully collects the tissue or cell sample.

Post-procedure care: After the biopsy, the patient is monitored for a brief period, and specific post-procedure care instructions are provided.

Biopsy results and diagnosis

Once the biopsy sample is obtained, it is sent to a pathology laboratory for analysis. Pathologists examine the sample under a microscope and may perform additional tests, such as immunohistochemistry or genetic testing, to make an accurate diagnosis. The results are then communicated to the treating physician, who discusses the findings with the patient and formulates a suitable treatment plan.

Risks and complications

While biopsies are generally safe, there are potential risks and complications associated with the procedure. These may include bleeding, infection, bruising, or damage to nearby structures. However, the benefits of obtaining an accurate diagnosis typically outweigh the risks.

Importance of biopsies in medicine

Biopsies are a cornerstone of modern medicine, aiding in the diagnosis and management of a wide range of diseases. They play a crucial role in oncology, allowing early detection and classification of cancers, guiding the appropriate course of treatment, and monitoring treatment effectiveness. Biopsies are also instrumental in diagnosing various non-cancerous conditions, such as infections, inflammatory disorders, and autoimmune diseases.

Biopsies are vital tools in the hands of healthcare professionals, offering a glimpse into the cellular landscape of the human body. They provide critical information that guides medical decision-making, enabling timely diagnoses and targeted treatments. As medical technology and research continue to advance, biopsies will remain an indispensable pillar of modern medicine, contributing to improved patient outcomes and a deeper understanding of human health and disease.

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